John J. McCloy was an influential American lawyer, diplomat, and presidential advisor often referred to as a member of 'The Wise Men,' a group of foreign policy elders. He served in crucial roles throughout the mid-20th century, including as Assistant Secretary of War during World War II and as the second President of the World Bank. Later, as U.S. High Commissioner for Germany, he oversaw the country's postwar development and granted pardons to many Nazi war criminals. His extensive career also included chairing the Chase Manhattan Bank and serving as a member of the Warren Commission investigating the assassination of President John F. Kennedy.